References by source type
The same work looks different in every style. For each source type, see which details you need, where to find them, and how the reference looks in eight styles.
How to Cite a Journal Article: Elements, Where to Find Them, Style Differences
The elements of a journal article reference, where to find each one, and how APA, MLA, Chicago, IEEE and Vancouver differ, with common mistakes.
02How to Cite a Book: Title Page, Copyright Page and Style Differences
Where to find the author, title, edition, year and publisher of a book, edition vs printing, translations and e-books, and how the major styles differ.
03How to Cite a Chapter in an Edited Book
Chapter author vs editor, where to find the chapter title, editors and page range, when to cite the chapter rather than the whole book, and style differences.
04How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation
Where to find the author, year, title, degree and institution of a thesis, how APA, MLA, Chicago, IEEE and Vancouver differ, and how to handle database copies.
05How to Cite a Web Page: Author, Date, Site Name, URL and Access Date
Where to find a web page's author, date, title and site name, why the copyright year is not a date, and how styles handle URLs and access dates.
06How to Cite a Report: Group Authors, Report Numbers and Publishers
How to cite government, research institute and corporate reports: group vs individual authors, report numbers, issuing agencies, URLs and style differences.
07How to Cite a Newspaper or News Article
Where to find the reporter, date, headline, publication and URL of a news article, handling updated stories and portal links, and how major styles differ.
08How to Cite a Conference Paper or Presentation
Proceedings papers vs presentations, where to find conference name, location, dates, pages and DOI, and how APA, MLA, Chicago, IEEE and Vancouver differ.